All the below websites that
I will evaluate are all sport orientated which means they are relevant to the
project we have been assigned too.
Rollover Buttons
A rollover refers to a
button that is created by a web developer or a web designer. These rollover
buttons are usually found within a web page. They are used to provide
interactivity between the user and the page itself. The word rollover comes
from the fact that when you roll your mouse over the button it will react.
Rollover buttons can be created using imagery, text and buttons. There are four
states to a rollover button, the first is its up state. The second is mouse
over. The third is on-click and the fourth is down state. On the website for
the English institute of sport, (http://www.eis2win.co.uk/pages/default.aspx)
it has a rollover text on the button that shows a picture of what the text is
about. This is good as it has both a written and visual version of what the
creator wants the people to know. This shows that the creator has considered
all the aspects that a website needs and specifically how to make a successful
rollover image. The creator also uses more simple rollovers on the right hand
side where the text boxes changes from white to blue once hovered over. This
means that they are both complicated and simple graphic techniques used to show
the variety of the roll over category.
The website Cardinal Heenan
catholic high school (http://www.cardinal-heenan.org.uk/) has a
navigation bar with all the different parts of where to get round the website.
When hovered over the colour of the box changes from black to yellow, which are
both colours, suited for both genders and all age groups. This is used
differently to the website I evaluated above because it doesn’t show a picture
when hovered however it is still effective. This is the same for the website of
Wright Robinson college http://www.wrightrobinson.co.uk/ as it has a
navigation bar that changes colour once hovered over. This turns from black to
white, which are again appropriate and formal colours for the target audience.
However, there are many
websites that could benefit from the addition of a rollover button in their
site. For example, the Thomas Telford school website http://www.ttsonline.net/doesn’t
have any rollover buttons and has very few technical aspects that show it is
modernised and professional. On the other hand it has as its advantages as it
is very old fashioned and may suit to older generations tastes if they visited
the website.
Web banner
Another technical aspect
used is a web banner at the top of the website. This is a large picture that
runs across the top of the website. Specifically on website for the English
institute of sport, it has the logo and name of the website. As the picture is
so visible to the viewer it attracts the attention straight away. Website
banners are usually full of bright colours and are very aesthetically pleasing
to the viewer. However, the problem with the web banner on this specific
website is that it is very small, therefore making the logo of the website
small meaning the viewer has to look for the logo. On the other hand, it is a
good thing as it makes the main information in the page stand out straight
away. The web banner has several different coloured curved lines going through
it, as you can see in the picture. Even though this may be irrelevant to the
subject of the website, it adds brightness, life and a specific colour scheme
to the website, making it look highly professional and appealing to people who
feel they want to be involved in something similar. Therefore, makes it to a
high slandered when they are trying to promote the website.
The website of Wright
Robinson college http://www.wrightrobinson.co.uk/ has a
scrolling marquee website banner that changes after a short period of time. The
banner is bright, bold and very suited to younger people. This is seen through
the love hearts on quotes and in text such as ‘we <3 Wright Robinson’ on it
and the design in the background. The background has a mix of green, blue,
orange, purple and white as well as many more. To a younger viewer this would
be intriguing and very good, but to a parent they may see this is too crowded
and unprofessional. They have an image of Shakespeare, microphones and
speakers, the pupils partaking in different subjects, chemical bonds and a note
pad. These only show a few of the subjects they allow as using them all would
take too long to go through on the scrolling marquee. Very few websites use
scrolling marquees on their web banners as they are hard to add on and can be
overloading the page if they have other strong technical graphics on there.
The mark hall website http://www.markhall.essex.sch.uk/page/default.asp?title=Home&pid=1
has a web banner that is blue white and yellow thick lines going in all different direction. It also has the logo embedded on
it with a gap in the right corner where a scrolling marquee is placed with a
number of photos of the pupils they have at the school. This shows what the
school has to offer and will inspire viewers by using photographs of actual
students and their ability. There are also blue characters along the bottom
where they are partaking in different sports the school can offer to new and
existing pupils. There is also the schools logo and the text saying the name of
the school in a bold white font. This makes it stand out to viewers first and
then the marquee in the corner so the most important part of the website is
seen first. This is a good way to use the web banner, as it is both simple as
well as advanced in technical graphics.
The Thomas Telford School
has a web banner of different things once clicked on to a different page off the
menu as well as the actual text of the website on the right hand side of the
page. The photos taken are realistic and appear to be taken by the school of
objects like textbooks. There are also photos of the pupils so the viewer is
able to see themselves how professional the school is and the subjects they
offer. All of the photos used are bright an eye catching so they are all
aesthetically pleasing to the viewer. The issue with using a web banner like
this is that if the viewer is unfamiliar with the site they wont know they have
to click to see more photos. To improve this there should be a clear indication
of what needs to be clicked in order to see more photos.
Logo
Logo
A logo is a graphic mark or emblem that are commonly used by
commercial enterprises, organisations and even individuals to promote instant
public recognition. Logos are either purely graphic or are composed of the name
of the organisation. Logos are typically vector-based graphics. They are made
with specific intention to be memorable to everyone so there brand or website
can be remembered. For example in this website for the English institute of
sport, they are different coloured circle shapes indifferent sizes shaved in
the letter v. This is memorable, as they have done something different that not
many have done before. However it has its faults as it is irrelevant to the
topic of the website as it has no link to sport. The colour scheme on the other
hand is relevant as it matches the background behind the key information and
also the lines in the web banner which shows it’s consistent and neat.
The Cardinal Heenan
catholic high school http://www.cardinal-heenan.org.uk/ use a
very simple bland logo that is two yellow sticks with a wavy red line going
through, This looks like two cricket poles and the motion of the ball going
through them minus the presence of the ball itself. This shows that it is very
old fashioned as it lacks in a professional level graphics and originality too
it. Again similar to the website
analysed above, the colour scheme is consistent through the website and there
is a yellow bar underneath the actual navigation bar, red text under the title
of the school and also a red smaller navigation bar above the main one. This
shows that the creator had pre planned the colour scheme to match the logo to
ensure it doesn’t look messy and over the top.
The Thomas Telford School
has an image of Sir Kevin Satchwell who to the school is the head master. The
photo is up to his chest and surrounded in two circles to keep it contained and
look neater against the web banner it has. However it is nit very clear to the
viewer and unless they researched the man in the logo, they would be unaware of
its relevance to the website. This is all just plain black, which shows its
traditional values along side the values of the headmaster being in the actual
logo. The logo is very small and doesn’t take a large amount of attention from
the main information in the centre of the page. This is a very original type of
logo to use and may not be as strong as others due to the fact none will know
the man in the logo unless they had close connections with the school.
The Plymstock School has a
different type logo in comparison to the others I have evaluated. It appears to
look like a shield with a castle shaped object coming out the top. The shield
has 2 lines in it that are white and behind the shield is a lighter blue that
goes diagonally through the lines. This colour scheme is again carried out in the
background behind the main text of the website as there is a black background
with different shades of blue and white wavy line. This could be meaningful to
the school itself showing its battle against other schools and also its
strength. However due to the scrolling marquee in the centre of the page the
attention will be taken straight away from the logo. This is good as it is not
as important to the viewer if they wanted to look straight for certain
information, but to new time users the logo is important to see first as it
indicates what the school is actually about and can also say a lot about the
success and professionalism of the school. This is a very common logo many
schools use so may only gain originality through its use of colouring. A reason
for this is that it looks professional to others and can be used effectively on
uniform.
The website for Wright
Robinson’s college is of a shield split in half with different red striped
patterns in each under the letters w and r in each one, which is further held
together by 2 white lions. This is very patriotic as the lions are on the
George cross flag and are very original compared to other school websites. This
further leads the website away from the cliché logos however the quirky web
banner takes the patriotism away form the website and brings it to modern days.
All the colours that are used complement each other well and the red stands out
against the blue background of the web banner. This is very aesthetically
pleasing and eye catching as it is stands out with all the other objects on the
banner showing that it will catch the viewer’s attention first rather than the
main text below. The letters are in plain black bold capitals therefore making
it easy to read against the red stripes in the background of the website. Below
the shield is a tag line in a banner that says excellence is our aim. This will
appeal to new pupils considering attending this school as it shows they are
committed and care about their pupils.
The mark hall school
website is an image of a transparent crown against the web banner with blue
edges. It further had two arrows going through the centre of the crown that
shows the school could very old fashioned compared to others that I have
evaluated. This is contradicted though as the use of the scrolling marquee in
the banner showing it may have a traditional logo but it is modernised and made
more appealing to its viewers. This again is a very original from other logos
as is has remained in its conventional and unedited form. It can be argued that
it isn't at all relevant to the school, as unless you attended or worked at the
school you wouldn't see its significance or true meaning.
Screen icons
Screen icons can be seen an
almost every technical platform such as Ipads, websites, and on mobile phones.
These are easier than having to go through the Internet and have proved to be
more popular over time. The website for the English institute of sport I am analysing only uses 2 screen
icons which are a twitter link and a link you to a page where you can sign up.
This shows that they are trying not to modernise their website too much as they
are based for older viewers who are involved in sports. It further tells us
that they are not necessarily a school but a community association where it is
open to all ages that can have access to them websites. The link to twitter is
at the bottom of the website where as the sign up icon is at the top. This
looks professional as it is keeping the more irrelevant link to the website out
if the way so it doesn't distract any attention from the main text and
features.
The website for the
Cardinal Heelan high school has four screen icons that are clearly observable
to the viewer as they are above the navigation bar and are large enough to
stand out but not untidy at the same time. These are for you tube, moodle,
their school mail and iris. At the bottom where there is the calendar etc is
placed and under the navigation bar there is an icon that allows the viewer to
subscribe for the latest news from the school, but this icon is a lot smaller
than the others and is not next to the rest. This can be seen as making the
website look untidy as it would look more professional with the rest of the
icons. This shows that they only use educational and appropriate icons, as it
will benefit their education. This could draw many parents attention as it
ensures they don’t allow their student to have links to inappropriate sites
such as face book that will not help their learning. Also, it shows that the site is a modernised yet still remains true
to the values of school sticking to educational links only. On the other hand,
some pupils could abuse the link to you tube, despite its use for educational
videos as well as entertainment.
The Thomas Telford School
has two links to twitter and the BBC. These are very visible to the viewer and
take the attention straight off the main text. Instead of having a simple small
icon they have used boxes that allow you to see what the school has wrote on
their twitter over the course of the weeks. This could put many viewers off as
it is to modernised and is taking the attention off the actually academic
side/meaning to the website. However this can have the reversed affect and many
pupils will like the fact they have modernised their website. The BBC link shows
the latest story and offers a link so you can see more. This shows that the
creator has considered both the educational side using the BBC as well as a
more contemporary side by using twitter.
Many websites prefer to use
a small link such as a small icon out of visibility of the main information. An
example of this is on the Plymstock school website as at the bottom of the
website they decided to just use a small T in a box with small text at the side
saying ‘ follow us’. As the link doesn’t clearly say it links to twitter, the
older members who may view this website may not understand it and what it leads
too. This is a good way to use an icon as it is concealed at the bottom in the
right hand corner and is not eye-catching due to it being a less important than
other information at the bottom of the website.
Navigation Bar
This is a sub region of a
web page that contains hypertext links in order to navigate between pages of a
website. This frequently appears on all or at least several pages of a certain
website. It is one of the key design essentials of websites, in terms of
usability as well as it is aesthetically.
On the English Institute of sport website it is a black horizontal bar
across the website with 7 subheadings in white text. The black and white
colours complement each other making them easy to read and stand out to the
viewer. These colours are used in many navigation bars, as the two colours will
also harmonize with other colours used in the logo and background. This is similar to the websites for Cardinal
Heelan Catholic high school and Wright Robinson’s College, which has a
horizontal black bar that when hovered over turns into a navy blue colour, and
there are 8-9 subheadings with white text to balance it.
The mark hall school however
takes a similar yet different approach on using the navigation bar. They have a
more curved navigation bar other than a straight, which seems more of a relaxed
and composed layout other than a complete structured one. Once hovered over the
text turns from white to yellow and underlined which contrast with the blue
showing the viewer clearly the option they have hovered over.
Navigation menu
This menu provides
navigation to all areas of a website from one location. This is provided in the
form of an interactive menu typically designed in a graphics editing programme
rather than just pure HTML or hypertext. Its purpose is for the user to
navigate all resources and pages with ease. The Thomas Telford School http://www.ttsonline.net/
is an example, as you have to click on three sub-heading on a smaller
navigation bar. Once each is clicked it provides a variety of different options
to click on to venture around the website. This is an original way to use a
navigation menu as they commonly run along the whole mid upper end of the page
or down the side of the page. This shows it has originality in the creators and
could inspire others to use a more original approach to using the navigation
bar. The colours used for each of these
boxes are red, blue and dark grey with a faded pale grey text. Despite this
adding more colourful and attractive vibe to the website it also looks out of
place and untidy. To improve this they could have used all the same colour due
to the fact that in many photos that appear on the top of the screen, they tend
to blend in and is hard to differentiate between the two.
The website for King Alfred
school has a grey navigation bar running horizontally in the page with 8
different sub-headings. Once hovered over there is a white drop down box with
black text so that each one is clear to the viewer. This is a form of
navigation menu that is very common in websites as it is the most eye-catching
due to how it drops into the main text of the website. However one of the 8
sub-headings does not have a drop down bar and doesn’t provide any further
options. This doesn’t allow the viewer to access the information they
specifically need quickly.
The Plymstock school
website has again a horizontal navigation menu with 7 sub-heading drop down
bars. When hovered over the sub-heading goes from black to blue and shows all
the options below in white writing. The blue colour looks very professional, as
it is the same used in both the background and in the logo. This shows that the
website is professional and didn’t use to many colours to make the site look
chaotic and disorganized. Again there is another subheading that doesn’t allow
a drop down option as it says contact us and doesn’t necessarily require a drop
down option. The plain colours the
creator uses keeps the website formal and appropriate without it taking major
attention off the key elements in the website.
Animated GIF’s
An animated GIF file
comprises a number of images or frames to be displayed successively, each
described by its own GCE (Graphic Control Extension) preceded by a header whose
content by default applies to all the frames. After the header the data is
stream-orientated instead of being at fixed indices. GIF
images are in a bitmap image format and
are usually compressed too be placed onto websites. Examples of where these are seen are as logos on websites that
involve clear vivid colours that have text at the side or below. For example,
the Wright Robinson College has multiple images as well as the quote
‘excellence is our aim’.
Backgrounds
The English institute of
sports website has a black background with 6 different coloured lines going
between each other through the centre of background. This is a good way to use
it as it is complementary of the rest of the features on the website such as
the logo. The colours have little relevance to the topic of the website but can
be suggested as the likes of a football being kicked minus the visibility of
the ball its self. This is used in many websites as it means that the website
appears less crowded and the background doesn’t divert the attention off the
key part to the website. The colours used are all bold, rich and vibrant
colours which show a professional mature level, therefore attracting older
members to the website.
The website Cardinal Heenan
catholic high school has plain white background that fades into a light grey
when it gets further down the page.
This is a very simple method that can be seen as both good and bad. A
positive is that it’s plain and simple therefore not diverting any attention
away from the rest of the page. However, it’s a negative as it is too simple
and doesn’t bring any enthusiasm and intensity into the site. This is used on
many websites but specifically on this one there is a slight bit more too it as
it has a hint of grey as well so its not purely bland.
The Thomas Telford School has a simple plain white background with
no colour effect, and is mainly covered but large boxes of text on top of it.
The King Alfred website is similar as it has a plain grey background that is
against text in a white box. These could have been made more aesthetically
pleasing by adding either a colour effect to it or adding some sort of minimal
decoration. This is not a major problem for the website as it is covered a lot
by the text and is not massively visible for the Thomas Telford school but the
King Alfred school has a very much largely visible background and either needs
a more appropriate colour to the topic of the sport, or more text on the site
filling the larger gap.
The background of the
Plymstock School is very similar to the English Institute of sport as they have
gone for a background with curvy lines going through the centre of a plain
black background. Specifically to this website, the creator has used blue and
white lines to match up to the logo it has. This again is simple yet
professional and mature, attracting more of the adults to view it rather than
young pupils or youths. The blue colour is very bold and rich so stands out to
the viewer. But as it’s only a few colours, it doesn’t take all the attention
of the key features on the page.
The Wright Robinson’s
college has a more youthful vibrant background, however it is only noticed when
its scrolled down to the very bottom. It appears to be plain white but when at
the end of the page, it consists of black, purple, blue, green and orange
swirls and shapes that match with the colour scheme of the web banner. The fact
it is at the bottom and not all over the background shows that the creator has
pre planned the whole website, It shows that they have considered the fact that
if this pattern covered this whole background, it may appear messy and
overcrowded, which will put off all viewers due to the unprofessional image at
first glance. The white background in this website complements the bright web banner
and the boxes that the text is in.
The background on the mark
hall school website is very different. As it has a blue and yellow colour
scheme, there are yellow white and shaded dark blue lines exploding from the
bottom corners of the web banner. This is very original compared to the
websites I have evaluated above, as this is a more noticeable background
choice. The main part of the background behind the text is a plain blue with
different shades of blue large circles on it. These aren’t massively obvious
but add more of a fuller background instead of leaving it plain blue. This is a
colour that may attract all genders as its made multi gender with the addition
of yellow and white colours,
Texture Graphics
Texture Graphics can be 3D
renders or they can be made up of many different things such as photographs. A
texture graphic is typically a digital representation of a surface. For example
in Adobe Fireworks there are digitally made textures. Some of these are, grass,
metal, glass, door. These can all be used a edited in certain programmes and
used to put onto an already made image. These are seen on very few websites as
they are not seen as they take the attention away from the more important
features of the website such as the logo or the main text. However, there is
the option to do a less vigilant texture design that could simply be a paper
design or fabric.
Picture Element
The screen is divided up
into pixels. The amount of pixels that can be displayed on the screen is
dependent on the resolution. Resolution is often referred to as dpi or ppi,
these are abbreviations of Dots per Inch, and Pixels per Inch. Computer screen
resolution is predominantly 72 dpi, however the print is often higher. It is at
least 150dpi but is more commonly found as 300dpi. The screen that the images
are on is all divided up into pixels. The Main picture on the homepage of the
English institute of sports is a lot clearer than the main photos used on the
Cardinal Heenan Catholic high school website. The images on the Cardinal Heenan
Catholic high School are darker and less vibrant which is not very
aesthetically pleasing to the viewer. On the other hand, the English institute
of sport are crisp, bright and rich in colour that has the opposite effect.
This can make the website look amateur if the picture quality is not
aesthetically pleasing to the viewer.
The website for the King
Alfred school uses a very small and pixelated image in the centre of their
page. This gives the website an unprofessional image and is shows that it can
be improved to a high level. However the Thomas Telford School have used the
opposite approach and used their main photo as their web banner, which
automatically makes it bigger and clear for the viewer. This means that on the
King Alfred School the image is pixelated and is not up to an expert level
compared to other websites. Whereas the Thomas Telford school have used higher
resolution on their photo making it better.
Image Resolution
Some of the earliest
computers were created in an age where there was a limitation to screen
resolution as we didn’t have the technology. The screen resolution was
considered to be extremely low. Individual pixels were clearly visible. This
has given rise to higher levels of detail and a smoother less pixelated finish to
graphics. A few years ago a monitor would have a resolution of 640X480. Whereas
nowadays a screen resolution of 1280X720 is not unheard of but is seen very
rarely on websites. For example old websites that haven’t been modernised show
signs of this. Specifically, the King Alfred School website has an image that
is very small and is slightly blurred. This could be suggested it was from an
older computer model as the screen resolution is weak. However in contrast, the
website for the English institute of sport has a very smooth and crisp image
and background showing that is could have been used on a more modern computer
model.
Intensity
Another way that graphics
could easily be improved is the intensity of the pixels. The intensity refers
to the brightness and the hue of the pixels. Intensity is dependent on the bit
depth. Each pixel in any graphic can only be one colour at a time. However,
pixels tend to blend together because they are so small and very hard to see.
The number of colours each pixel can be is determined by the number of bits
used to represent it. For example, 8-bit colour allows 1 of 256 colours that
can be displayed. On the website for The English institute of sport and the
Wright Robinson college, there is a number of different intense colours in each
image showing a higher intensity of pixels as they merge together. However
websites such as king Alfred school website has very few colours, therefore
suggesting that there is less intensity and depth in the pixels.
Compression
Lossy compression is a data
encoding method which discards some of the data, in order to achieve its goal,
with the result that decompressing the data yields content that is different
from the original, though similar enough to be useful in some way. Lossy compression
is most commonly used to compress multimedia data, especially in applications
such as streaming media and Internet telephony. Lossless Data Compression is a
class of data compression algorithms that allow the exact original data to be
reconstructed from the compressed data. The term lossless is in contrast to
lossy data compression, which only allows an approximation of the original data
to be reconstructed, in exchange for better compression. These are seen as
raster images as they are a dot matrix data structure representing a generally rectangular
grid of pixels,
or points of colour,
viewable via a monitor, paper,
or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image
files with
varying formats. A bitmap corresponds bit-for-bit with an image displayed on a screen,
generally in the same format used for storage in the display's video memory, or
maybe as a device-independent bitmap. A bitmap is technically characterized by the
width and height of the image in pixels and by the number of bits per pixel
For example on the website
for Thomas Telford school, the video is very clear and also doesn’t buffer or
pause showing it has a lossless compression. This will be the same in almost
every website as with new modern technology, there is no need to download them
so there is a hard copy in the viewers computer. There is a constant difficult
decision of whether to use lossless or lossy compression. This is because with
one you will have great quality but will be very slow and buffer frequently, or
the second option will be very quick with little or no buffering or pauses, but
yet a very low quality image.
File extension
Bit Image File or Device
Independent Bitmap file format or simply a Bitmap, is a Raster graphics image
file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display
device, especially on Microsoft Windows and operating systems. Portable Network
Graphics (PNG) is a bitmapped image format and video codec that employs
lossless data compression. PNG was created ti improve upon and replace GIF
format as an image file format not requiring a patent license. PNG supports
palette-based images. PNG was designed for transferring images on the Internet,
not for point’s graphics, and therefore does not support non-RGB colour spaces.
The Graphics Interchange Format is a format the supports up to 8 bits per pixel
thus allowing a single image to reference a palette of up to 256 distinct
colours. The colours are chosen from the 24-bit RGB colour space. It also
supports animations and allows a separate palette of 256 colours for each
frame. The colour limitation makes the GIF format unsuitable for reproducing
colour photographs and other images with continuous colour, but it is
compatible for simpler images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of
colour. A Tagged Image File Format is a file format for storing images. The
TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by
publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing,
optical character recognition and other applications. JPG compressions are used in a number of image file formats. JPEG
is the most common image format used by digital cameras and other photographic
image capture devices; along with JPEG/JFIF, it is the most common format for
storing and transmitting photographic images on the World Wide Web. The .psd
format is the Adobe Photoshop data format, which can be read on any machine
that has Adobe Photoshop installed. It is cross platform and can be used on
both PCs and Macs. The PSD format provides extended support for layering, apha
channels, paths and vectors. The PSD source file included with templates are
usually in sliced format, which allows you to customise and make changes to the
images on your skin. These are just a
few of the formats that are used on photos that are uploaded onto websites.
Portable network graphics are mostly used to transfer photos to websites for
promoting and inspiring others.
Points, Lines, Polygons
and Curves.
A vector point is the
points that make up a vector shape. For example, on a vector triangle there are
three vector points, one
on each corner of the
triangle. A vector line is the line
that makes up a shape, they join up with the vector points, and these will then
make up the shape. A vector curve is used to create circles or anything shape
that has a curve in it. For example, a semi-circle will be mad up of two vector
points, one vector line and one vector curve.
A vector polygon is a shape that is complete. For example, a square is
made up of 4 vector points, 4 vector lines. This shape is called a vector
polygon because it is made up of vectors and it’s a polygon. An example of
website where a variety of these vectors are used are the Wright Robinson’s
college as it uses different shaped and coloured curved lines and shapes that
look highly aesthetically pleasing.
File Extensions
Here are a few examples of
file extensions and what they mean. Encapsulated PostScript or EPS for short is
a DSC-conforming PostScript document with additional restrictions that is
intended to be usable as a graphics file format. In other words, EPS files are
more or less self-contained. AI stands for Adobe Illustrator File. Using AI,
you can create vector graphics editing programme, it is composed of paths
connected by points, rather than bitmap image data, commonly used for logos and
print media. Adobe Flash is a multimedia platform used to add animation, video
and interactivity to web pages. Flash is frequently used for advertisements and
games. More recently, it has been positioned as a tool for the web. A file extension is useful in
two ways. It helps you identify the type of document. So, for example, a file
with an extension of .jpg is a photo and a file extension of .exe tells you
it's a program. A file extension also allows your computer to run the correct
program automatically when you double-click on the file name.
Sampling
Bit Depth sampling is a
technique used to increase or decrease the amount of pixels within an image.
There are many re-sampling programmes on the market to ensure that the picture
is to its best quality. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide
more accurate representations of the original. This is commonly seen in audio
as when recording music or many types of acoustic events, audio waveforms are
typically sampled at 44.1 kHz (CD),
48 kHz (professional audio), or 96 kHz and either
have to increase or decrease the pixels.
Bits per pixel
This is the number of bits
of information stored per pixel of an image or displayed by a graphics adapter.
The more bits there are, the more colours can be represented. For example on websites such as the
Wright Robinson’s college they use several bright colours that merge together
in shapes and patterns. This shows that there is a large number of bits per
pixel in all the images and patterns used in that particular website.
Monochrome
Monochrome is just simply
the colours black and white. It is a 1-bit image and1 bit = 2 levels of grey.
Monochrome images or typically scanned from line art and/or text originals are
comprised of a single bit of data. Monochrome images generally require higher
resolution than tone images in order to prevent lining of diagonal lines. Many
websites choose not to do this is it may not be suitable for all target
audiences. Especially for school websites, this may not be an appropriate colour
scheme, as younger people may need the colours to engage them and ensure it is
aesthetically pleasing. Monochrome can be used mainly on websites for more
mature target audiences such as photo galleries on art websites etc.
256
256 refers to the number of
colours in a single pixel. An 8-bit colour image has 256 colours. Depending on
how many bits there are relies on how many colours there are. In a 12-bit
colour image there are 4,09 colours. In a 16-bit colour image there are 65,536
colours.
High colours
High colour graphics
include thousands of colours; it is a method of storing image information in a
computers memory such that each pixel is represented by two bytes. Usually all
16 bits represent the colour, but some devices also support 15-bit high colour.
High colour uses 16 bits per pixel, 5 bits for blue, 5 bits for red and 6 bits
for green.
True colour
True colour is a method of
representing and storing graphical image information that allows a very large
number of colours, shades and hues to be displayed in an image, such as in high
quality photographic images or some complex graphics. True colour defines 256
shades of red, green and blue for each pixel of the digital picture, which
ultimately results in 16,777,215 colour variations for each pixel. Even with
true colour, monochromatic images, which are restricted to 256 levels, can
sometimes still reveal visible banding artefacts. True colour, like other RGB colour
models, cannot express colours outside of the gamut of its RGB colour space.
RGB
The RGB colour model is an
additive colour model in which red; green and blue light are added together in
various ways to reproduce a broad array of colours. The name of the model comes
from the initials of the three additive primary colours, red, green and blue.
The main purpose of the RGB colour model is for the sensing, representation,
and display of images in electronic systems, such as televisions and computers.
YUV
YUV is a colour space
typically used as part of a colour image pipeline. The colour spaces used in
graphics software are based on the primary additive colours. It encodes a colour image or video taking human
perception into account, allowing reduced bandwidth for chrominance components,
thereby typically enabling transmission errors or compression artefacts to be
more efficiently masked by the human perception than using a direct RGB
representation.
HSV
HSV stands for hue,
saturation and value, it is also often called HSB with the 'B' standing for
brightness. In each cylinder, the angle around the central vertical axis
corresponds to ‘hue’; the distance from the axis corresponds to 'lightness',
'value' or 'brightness'. Whilst 'hue' in HSL and HSV refers to the same
attribute, their definition of 'saturation' differs dramatically. HSL
and HSV are both cylindrical geometries with hue, their angular dimension,
starting at the red primary at
0°, passing through the green primary at 120° and the blue primary
at 240°, and then wrapping back to red at 360°.
Scanner
An image scanner or scanner
is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting or an
object, it then converts it to a digital image. There are four different types
of scanners that can be bought, Drum, Flatbed, Film and Hand scanners. Prices
of scanner can vary depending on the make and the quality of the scanner; the
cheapest scanner can be priced at around £40 pound. Some of the industrial
scanners that are available on the market can price around £4,800. These aren’t
usually in self made websites or unprofessional websites, as it is a lot
cheaper for the person to take photos on a digital camera and simply upload
them through a cable. On many websites for schools they are most likely to use
a different method so that the pictures can be approved, as children are
involved.
Digital Cameras
A camera is a device that
records/stores images. These images may be still photographs for moving images
such as videos or movies. There are many different types or cameras; some are
Plate Cameras, Box Cameras and Digital Cameras. The prices of cameras vary on
how good the resolution is and the make of the camera; some of the cheapest are
priced at £49.99. The most expensive cameras can be priced at £429.99. Many
modern day digital cameras allow editing on them so there’s no need to edit on
a computer. They are also very clear and can produce very crisp and detailed
images as well as videos. The clearer the pictures are the better the chance
that they will inspire and intrigued the viewer. Especially when considering
sports in school websites, it can show the intensity and true scene of the
event.
Resolution
A pixel per inch or pixel
density is a measurement of the resolution of devices in various contexts.
Typically computer displays, image scanners and digital camera image sensors.
PPI can also describe the resolution, in pixels, of an image to be printed
within a specified space. For example, a 100 x 100 pixel image that is printed
in a 1-inch square could be said to have 100 dots over inch (DPI). This
describes the width and height dimensions of a display, such as a computer
monitor in pixels. Certain combinations of width and height are consistent and
typically given a name and an initialise that is descriptive of its dimensions. A higher
display resolution means that displayed content appears sharper.
On a website, the resolution of an image is crucial to get a successful picture
in order to promote something.
Storage
In computing, memory refers
to the state information of a computer system, as it is kept active in some
physical structure. The term memory is used for the information in physical
systems, which are fast, as in distinctions from physical systems, which are
slow to access. File size measures the size of a computer file. Typically it is
measured in bytes with a prefix. The actual amount of disk space consumed
depends on the file system. The maximum file size a file system supports
depends on the number of bits reserved to store size information and the total
size of the file system. For example, with 'FAT32', the size of one file cannot
be equal or bigger than 4 GiB. 1 KiB = 1,024 bytes, 1 MiB = 1,048,576 bytes, 1
GiB = 1,073,741,824 bytes and 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. Many computers
depending on the model type will have better storage as they are more developed
to new systems and programs to conserve memory space. If there is a larger
amount of space remaining it means that if something may need to be downloaded,
for example a video off a website or a music file, It will be downloaded
extremely quick.
Target Destination
When creating digital
graphics, the designer has to think about the target destination of that
graphic that they are creating. The designer could make a graphic for a range
of outputs including print, film, web and desktop graphics. The destination of
the image will determine the way in which the graphic is made for example a
poster for print would be created using raw files in Photoshop, although a
graphic for the web may be created using vector shapes in Fireworks to make
sure that the file size is kept down. The program depends on the outcome of the
product, for example the end product may not be as professional if its
destination was somewhere else.
Dimensions
The dimensions of an image can be anything; they
can be measure in inches, centimetres or pixels per inch. Most graphics are
measured in pixels per inch, as it is easier. If you are making a graphic for a
print then the dimensions of the image are going to be massive. However if the
graphic is being created for the web then the dimensions of the image are going
to be small, such as 200 X 200 pixels per inch. If a photo was not to be
printed but to be put on a website, they would have a smaller dimension and
would be smaller pixels. 
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